Nutrients Archive - Natural Eye Care

Lithospermum

staging_nec — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 09:48:15 +0000

Lithospermum (gromwell) is traditionally used in Chinese medicine to cool blood, stimulate circulation of blood, and eliminate toxins from the skin, lithospermum is considered to be anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-microbial. Research by pharmaceutical companies has focused on effects of Shikonin, considered to be the key ingredient in Lithospermum, which is showing promise as a protector and stimulant of the immune system and a possible treatment for cancer because of anti-tumor effects.

Shikonin extracted from L. erythrorhizon¹ is anti-bacterial, wound-healing, helpful for skin diorders,² and exerts anti-inflammatory effect via proteasome inhibition.^{3, 4} Derivatives of Shikonin protect the immune system from damage and support the immune responses in lab animals with tumors.⁵

Lithospermum erythrorhizon also appears to help suppress high-fat diet induced obesity. Another of its compounds, acetylshikonin inhibits differentiation of adipocytes, cells which are specialized for storing fat. In an animal study, it reduced high-fat induced body weight, adipose tissue mass, triglycerides, and total cholesterol.⁶

Footnotes

1. Uazaki K. (2017). Lithospermum erythrorhizon cell cultures: Present and future aspects. Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo). 2017;34(3):131-142.
2. Ootsuka Y, Yakazu M, Shimizu T. (1972) Kanpou Shinryou Iten. Nanzandou, Tokyo (in Japanese).
3. Lu L, Qin A, Huang H, Zhou P, Zhang C, et.al. (2011). Shikonin extracted from medicinal Chinese herbs exerts anti-inflammatory effect via proteasome inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol. May 11;658(2-3):242-7.
4. Ibid. Uazaki. (2017).
5. Long S, GuangZhi Y, BaoJie G, Wei X, YanYong H, et al. (2012). Shikonin derivatives protect organs from damage and promote immune responses in vivo in tumour-bearing mice. Phytother Res. 2012 Jan;26(1):26-33.
6. Gwon SY, Ahn JY, Chung CH, Moon B, Ha TY. (2012). Lithospermum erythrorhizon suppresses high-fat diet-induced obesity, and acetylshikonin, a main compound of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, inhibits adipocyte differentiation. J Agric Food Chem. Sep 12:60(36):9089-96.

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Taurine

staging_nec — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 11:52:43 +0000

Taurine is critical for nerve health and is responsible for clearing away and regenerating old tissue. It is especially important for the health of the eye and of the inner ear.

It acts as an antioxidant to protect cells, helps to move nutrients across cell membrane barriers, helps remove debris and toxins from the system.

Diabetic retinopathy. Taurine is protective against the complications of diabetes.^{5, 6}

Macular degeneration. Low levels of taurine are associated with instances of AMD⁷ and macular dystrophies.⁸ Taurine protects against ultraviolet radiation, acts as an antioxidant to protect cells, helps move nutrients across cell membrane barriers, and helps remove debris and toxins from the system. ⁹

Night vision. Taurine is found in high concentration in the retina photoreceptor rods, ten times greater than any other part of the body¹ that is derived from the central nervous system,¹⁰ and where there are two binding proteins specific to taurine. It plays an important role in night vision and is essential to photoreceptor integrity. ^{2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13}

Retinal ganglion degeneration. Taurine protects against retinal degeneration.^{14, 15} Research has shown that when taurine is removed from food, animals develop retinal degeneration; when taurine is replaced, the degeneration reverses.^{16, 17}

Related conditions. Patients with diabetes have an increased need for taurine; taurine levels are lower in diabetics, and research indicates that the relationship between low levels of taurine, obesity, and diabetes is a close one.¹⁸ Taurine levels are also tied to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease¹⁹ and cardiovascular disease.^{20, 21, 22}

Good food sources. Highest levels of taurine are found in shellfish, especially clams, scallops, and mussels, as well as dark poultry meat. Lower amounts of taurine are found in cheese.

Taurine News

Want to learn more? See our blog for news on taurine

Footnotes

1. Taurine: Biological Update, Wright CE et al, Annual Review of Biochemistry, 1986
2. The role of taurine in osmotic, mechanical, and chemical protection of the retinal rod outer segments, Petrosian AM, Haroutounian JE, Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology 1998
3. Taurine interactions with chick retinal membranes., Lopez-Colome AM et al, Journal of Neurochemistry, May, 1980
4. The Biology of Taurine: Methods and Mechanisms
5. Sarkar, P., Basak, P., Ghosh, S., Kundu, M., Sil, P.C. (2017). Prophylactic role of taurine and its derivatives against diabetes mellitus and its related complications. Food Chem Toxicol, Dec;110:109-121.
6. Yu, X., Xu, Z., Mi, M., Xu, H., Zhu, J., et al. (2008). Dietary taurine supplementation ameliorates diabetic retinopathy via anti-excitotoxicity of glutamate in streptozotocin-induced Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurochem Res, 33:500–7.
7. Birdsall, T.C. (1998). Therapeutic applications of taurine. Altern Med Rev, Apr;3(2):128-36.
8. Shpak, N.I., Naritsyna, N.I., Konovalova, N.V. (1989). Taufon and emoksipin in the combined treatment of sclerotic macular dystrophies. Oftalmol Zh, (8):463-5.
9. Ibid. Birdsall. (1998).
10. Gaucher, D., Arnault, E., Husson, Z., Froger, N., Dubus, E., et al. (2012). Taurine deficiency damages retinal neurones: cone photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells. Amino Acids, Nov;43(5):1979-1993.
11. Wright, C.E. (1986). Taurine: Biological Update. Annu Rev Biochem,1986;55:427-53.
12. Petrosian, A.M., Haroutounian, J.E. (1998). The role of taurine in osmotic, mechanical, and chemical protection of the retinal rod outer segments. Adv Exp Med Biol,1998;442:407-13.
13. Lopez-Colome, A.M., et al. (1980). Taurine interactions with chick retinal membranes. J Neurochem, May;34(5):1047-52.
14. Lombardini, J.B. (1991). Taurine: retinal function. Brain Res Brain Res Rev, May-Aug;16(2):151-69.
15. Petrosian, A.M., Haroutounian, J.E. (1998). The role of taurine in osmotic, mechanical, and chemical protection of the retinal rod outer segments, Adv Exp Med Biol, 442:407-13.
16. Froger, N., Cadetti, L., Lorach, H., Martins, J., Bemelmans, A.P., et al. (2012). Taurine provides neuroprotection against retinal ganglion cell degeneration. PLoS One,2012;7(10):342017.
17. Imaki, H., Moretz, R., Wisniewski, H., Neuringer, M., Sturman, J. (1987). Retinal degeneration in 3-month-old rhesus monkey infants fed a taurine-free human infant formula. J Neurosci Res, 18(4):602-14.
18. Franconi, F., Bennardini, F., Mattana, A., Miceli, M., Ciuti, M., et al. (1995). Plasma and platelet taurine are reduced in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of taurine supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr, May;61(5):1115-9.
19. Miyazak, T., Boucarel, B., Ikegami, T., Honda, A., Matsuzaki, Y. (2009). The protective effect of taurine against hepatic damage in a model of liver disease and hepatic stellate cells, Adv Exp Medi Biol, 2009;643:293-303.
20. Murakami S., Taurine and atherosclerosis. Amino Acids. Jan;46(1):73-80.
21. Ibid. Birdsall. 1998.
22. Xu, Y.J., Arneja, A.S., Tappia, P.S., Dhalla, N.S. (2008). The potential health benefits of taurine in cardiovascular disease. Exp Clin Cardiol, Summer;13(2):57-65.

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Coleus forskohlii

staging_nec — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 08:51:49 +0000

The post Coleus forskohlii appeared first on Natural Eye Care.

Vitamin C

staging_nec — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 07:37:33 +0000

Vitamin C is probably the most known vitamin, said to help support overall health in many ways including immune support, having anticancer benefits and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It is a powerful antioxidant (free-radical scavenger) which removes oxidized waste material in the body. It is a necessary ingredient for many enzyme processes in the body, supporting injury healing, blood vessel health and acts as to filter ultraviolet light within the eye for just a few examples. It is helpful for a wide range of eye conditions including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, macular degeneration and cataracts.

In the Adrenal Glands

The highest concentration of vitamin C is in the adrenal glands where it is a critical component of adrenal function. In that capacity, vitamin C is a powerful nutrient to help you handle stress.

In the Eye

The second highest concentration of Vitamin C is located in the eye. Here it again performs in its capacity as a powerful free-radical fighter. Its power to help reduce inflammation is important for conditions like uveitis where inflammation and swelling are problematic. Vitamin C enhances the absorption of lutein, one of the most important carotenoid antioxidants in the eye ¹For that reason it is recommended in cases of many eye conditions, including:

Macular degeneration because it helps lutein absorption,
Glaucoma because it lowers eye pressure somewhat
Vitreous detachment because it supports connective tissue health

Helpful in Other Health Conditions

Vitamin C has been found to improve sperm quality² in infertile men, reducing sperm clotting.³ Vitamin C supports the health of the skin, being an a necessary co-factor in collagen creation. In this regard it is especially relevant for skin problems due to damage from the sun. It supports the immune system, and is important in slowing the aging process. It helps reverse the bad effects of high levels of homocysteine – which damage the cells lining your blood vessel walls⁴ and protects HDL, the “good” cholesterol⁵. Vitamin C supports the absorption of iron for those who are iron-deficient.⁶ In the case of patients with bladder infections, or UTI, vitamin C restricts E. coli growth⁷ and makes the urine slightly acidic, which is not a friendly environment for bacteria growth. It may be helpful, at low dosage levels, in gout treatment. In the case of diabetes, vitamin C may reduce glycosylation, lower sorbitol and improve glucose tolerance.⁸

Foods and Supplements Containing Vitamin C

See Vitamin C Foods & Supplements for more information.

Vitamin C News

Want to learn more? See our blog for news on vitamin C.

Footnotes

1. Lutein absorption is facilitated with co-supplementation of ascorbic acid in young adults, Tanumihardjo, et al, J Am Dietetic Assoc 105:114-18, 2005.

2. Fraga CG, Motchnik PA, Shigenaga MK, et al. Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1991;88:11003-6.

3. Dawson EB, Harris WA, McGanity WJ. Effect of ascorbic acid on sperm fertility. Fed Proc 1983;42:531 [abstr 31403].

4. Chambers JC, McGregor A, Jean-Marie J, et al. Demonstration of rapid onset vascular endothelial dysfunction after hyperhomocysteinemia. An effect reversible with vitamin C therapy. Circulation 1999;99:115660.

5. Frei B. Ascorbic acid protects lipids in human plasma and low-density lipoprotein against oxidative damage. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1113S8S.

6. Hunt JR, Gallagher SK, Johnson LK. Effect of ascorbic acid on apparent iron absorption by women with low iron stores. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:13815.

7. Schlager TA, Anderson S, Trudell J, Hendley JO. Effect of cranberry juice on bacteriuria in children with neurogenic bladder receiving intermittent catheterization. J Pediatr 1999;135:698702.

8. See the diabetes page.

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Vitamin E

staging_nec — Wed, 13 Aug 2025 13:37:00 +0000

Vitamin E is the main fat-soluble antioxidant in the body. In the cells vitamin E prevents the propagation of free radicals. It enhances the body’s ability to cleanse the system of free radicals and eliminate toxins. It also has a beneficial effect on healing scar tissue, treating arteriosclerosis and enhancing brain function. Research has focused on effects of isolated chemical ingredients of Vitamin E, but the isolated ingredients while showing some good effects are not proving to work as well as the whole vitamin, administered in low doses. Some researchers speculate this is because vitamin E cooperates with and works in concert with other nutrients.

Research

Vitamin E: action, metabolism and perspectives, Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, March 2001, Volume 57, Issue 1 pp 43-56, E. Herrara and C. Barbas

Alpha-tocopherol induces expression of connective tissue growth factor and antagonizes tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated downregulation in human smooth muscle cells. Villacorta L, Graca-Souza AV, Ricciarelli R, Zingg JM, Azzi A. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil. Circ Res. 2003 Jan 10;92(1):104-10.

Vitamin E News

Want to learn more? See our blog for news on vitamin E.

The post Vitamin E appeared first on Natural Eye Care.

B Vitamins

staging_nec — Wed, 13 Aug 2025 13:30:15 +0000

Balance in the body of the various nutrients is key. Some conditions cause or aggravate certain deficiencies and some deficiencies cause or aggravate certain health and vision conditions. The problem is multi-directional, hence the importance of a balanced diet containing a wide variety of foods, and attention to basic essential points of good health, such as adequate exercise.

Vitamin B1 - Thiamin

Vitamin B1 appears in all cells and its deficiency causes a wide ranging set of problems. It plays an important role in nerve message transmission and health of the nervous system, maintenance of mucous membranes, the cardiovascular system, and muscle-skeletal system.¹ It affects some parts of the brain more than others. It is essential for vision and cognitive functioning. Bacteria and fungi can manufacture their own vitamin B1, but for us it is an essential nutrient only available through our food.

Vitamin B1 deficiency can be caused or aggravated by a diet high in raw fish and shellfish, a diet high in coffee or tea, and general malnutrition. Grains are a valuable source of B1, but removing the hulls in white rice and white flour also removes B1. In industrialized countries, B1 and other nutrients are added back to the processed flour. Good sources of B1 are all whole grains, sunflower seeds, leafy greens, beet root, carrots and asparagus, oranges, potatoes, eggs, and liver.

It is thought that vitamin B complex deficiencies, including vitamin B1, contribute to cognitive decline, memory loss and mental imbalance. Vitamin B1 plays a role in nerve transmission in parts of the brain (called cholinergic neurons) that deteriorate in Alzheimer’s disease. The activity of vitamin B1-dependent enzymes has been found to be lower in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease. A known brain abnormality condition resulting from vitamin B1 deficiency is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome² (see our article on Is It Alzheimer’s or Something Else?)
People with type 1 (juvenile) diabetes often exhibit vitamin B1 deficiency.³
Alcoholics tend to exhibit vitamin B1 deficiency.⁴
Serious vitamin B1 deficiency can lead to metabolic coma and death.
For the most part eliminated by additives to modern processed foods, beriberi is a disease affecting the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
Diuretics and low-dose water pills prescribed for high blood pressure can contribute to vitamin B1 deficiency⁵
It supports cardiovascular functions and is therefore found in many formulations designed to support heart health.
B1 deficiency in breastfeeding women may cause partial voice loss in infants.
It is important for energy metabolism supporting heart functioning⁶

Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin

Vitamin B2 behaves like an antioxidant combating free radicals that cause oxidation in the body which results in damage to the integrity of red blood cells, tissues in the eyes and other parts of the body. B2 is essential for proper functioning of many different cell processes and the body’s production of energy. It bears special importance for vision because it helps the retina receive light and is used in glutathione creation.

Deficiencies in Vitamin B2 can:

Contribute to eye conditions such as cataracts
Can contribute to migraine headaches
Possibly contribute to a number of other conditions including light sensitivity, and sore eyes.
Possibly contribute to or cause conditions such as acne, burning feet syndrome, cervical cancer, carpal tunney, and muscle cramps.
Lessen support for hair, skin and nails quality, as well as reduce support for the reproductive system, liver health, the immune system and brain functioning.
Reduce normal functioning and creation of red blood cells which carry oxygen to all parts of the body.

When taken in large doses vitamin B2 may cause diarrhea and increased urine amounts. You should check with your doctor before taking extra B2 if you are taking medications for acne (anticholinergic), depression, phenobarbital, and probenecid (or any other prescription medications). These and other medications can increase or decrease the amount of B2 in your body. ⁷

Vitamin B3

Vitamin B3 is one of the essential nutrients that we need in our diet and is included in many vision health formulations.There are several forms of vitamin B3. Niacin is a supplement that is often prescribed to help lower cholesterol, raise HDL and lower lipoprotein and triglycerides, while another form, niacinamide (nicotinamide), does not lower cholesterol. However, too large doses of B3 can cause flushing, headaches, liver damage and problems with diabetes, so you should always check with your health care provider.

Not enough niacin in the diet may bring about problems with lesions on the skin and in the mouth, upset stomach, anemia, and headaches.
Fatigue, poor concentration ability, nervousness, apathy and depression are also associated with niacin deficiency.
Chronic niacin deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra which is common in parts of the world where poverty is widespread resulting in chronically poor nutrition.

Vitamin B5 - Pantothenate

Vitamin B5 is a water-soluble essential nutrient included in many formulations supporting macular health. It is generally used in combination with other B vitamins and among many other uses, supports cardiovascular health, nerve pain, cognitive functioning, normal blood sugar levels, arthritis, protection against stress, and healing in the body. With respect to vision health vitamin B5 supports nerve health, the metabolism of fatty acids, and is part of the synthesis of vitamin A.

One role of Vitamin B5 in vision health is its support of the metabolism of essential omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids.
Vitamin B5 is important for synthesis of vitamin A, whose deficiency contributes to night blindness.
Clinical findings suggest that B5 deficiency is implicated in diabetic neuropathy.
Patients with blood clotting disorders such as hemophilia should not take B5 without consulting their doctor.
Found in fresh vegetables, meat, whole grains and egg yolk.

Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine

Most macular degeneration patients are deficient in vitamin B6 and so it is generally included in vision health formulations. It assists in a number of enzyme activities in the body, especially in amino acid synthesis, glucose and fat metabolism.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal-5′-phosphate or PLP) supports the functioning of metabolic enzymes in synthesizing essential amino acids.
PLP (along with folic acid & B12) is responsible for the conversion of homocysteine into cysteine. Homocysteine, a byproduct of protein metabolism. High homocysteine levels are associated with many health conditions, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, optic neuropathy and brain functioning. Learn more about homocysteine.
PLP also supports the creation of hemoglobin in the body, again as a co-enzyme.
Found in many foods; vegetables contain the most stable form, pyridoxine. Good sources include avocado, wheat bran, organ meats, molasses, milk and eggs.

Vitamin B7 - Biotin

Biotin is included in B complex formulations and supports vision health, skin and hair health, normal blood sugar levels, healthy heart functioning, nervous system support, digestive metabolism, and cell growth.

Biotin supports the synthesis of fatty acids and is an important part of the metabolism of glucose.
Research suggests that biotin helps with type 2 diabetes (in combination with chromium), decreases insulin resistance – and therefore may be helpful for diabetic neuropathy.
Vitamin B7, also known as vitamin H, deficiency is actually quite rare because the bacteria in your digestive tract produce it in quantities greater than normally needed. Although it is water soluble and leaves the body quickly, it is found in many foods, but especially whole grains, eggs and dairy, nuts, chard, chicken and salmon.
Deficiencies result in hair loss, conjunctivitis, skin conditions, nerve damage and depression.
Pregnant women have a high risk of biotin deficiency – and embryos are more sensitive to a mild deficiency.
If you take prescription drugs, check with your health practitioner before biotin supplementation. It may weaken some drugs, such as those for lowering cholesterol.
Antibiotics and other drugs can lower biotin levels in your body, along with regular consumption of raw egg whites.

Vitamin B9 - Folate, Folic Acid

For more information see nutrients in food page.

Vitamin B12

For more information see nutrients in food page.

Footnotes

1. Newsmax

2. Wikipedia

3. H.N. Haugen, et al The blood concentration of thiamine in diabetes. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 1964;16:260-6.

4. The Role of Thiamine Deficiency in Alcoholic Brain Disease, Peter R. Martin, M.D. et al, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2004

5. Health Outcomes Policy 19: 430-35, 2003

6. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 93: 857-63, 2004

7. WebMD

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Vitamin A

staging_nec — Wed, 13 Aug 2025 13:10:54 +0000

Vitamin A is a group of compounds that includes retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. In addition, certain carotenoids (beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin). Another carotenoid, lycopene is not itself a precursor to vitamin A, but it is a precursor to beta-carotene.

Retinol is essential for cell growth and differentiation. It plays a major role in vision, immune system and brain functioning, metabolism and tissue regeneration. Vitamin A deficiency exacerbates thyroid dysfunction due to iodine deficiency and may play a role in metabolic syndrome.¹ It is important for the reproductive system and bone growth.

Retinoic acid apparently plays a role in structuring the fovea area of the eye.² The fovea is a tiny dip in the center of the macula which is responsible for high-sharpness vision. The photoreceptor cones are highly concentrated in that area.

Vision Health. Vitamin A is essential for vision health. As a powerful antioxidant it is one of the keystones of protection against oxidative damage caused by exposure to blue, violet and ultra violet light.

Cataract. Researchers noted as early as 1944, after reviewing data from the Nutrition and Eye Disease Study, that moderate levels of Vitamin A in patients’ diets were connected to a 40% lower risk of opaque lenses, or cataracts. The researchers adjusted the risk for age, sex, smoking, and heavy drinking and found that for those who were smokers, the cataract risk was reduced by 50%.3

The Nurses Health Study was a nearly-20-year study which tracked the health of more than 50,000 female registered nurses along with their diet and levels of nutrients. Similarly, they found a 39% less risk of developing cataract with greater consumption of vitamin A in the diet (top 1/5th in levels of vitamin A consumed). Consumption of spinach was most closely tied to lowered risk. In addition, the risk of cataract in women taking vitamin C was lowered by 45%. The researchers did not evaluate consumption of multi-vitamins.⁴ A later meta-analysis again found significant connections between vitamin A consumption and lower cataract incidence.⁵

More recently researchers looked to patterns of nutrients with respect to cataract. That is, rather than looking at vitamin A (and other nutrients) in isolation, they looked at reasonably groups. Two groups that decreased cataract risk significantly were an antioxidant group (carotenes, vitamins A and C) and an omega-3 group.⁶

Glaucoma. IOP tends to increase slightly after the eyelids have been closed. For this reason one test used in evaluating therapies for glaucoma is the closed-eyelid test. Researchers found that giving patients vitamin A was somewhat effective in lowering IOP.⁷

Night blindness. Early research demonstrated that vitamin A supplementation can reverse the effects of night blindness. Even a small increase in vitamin A levels is helpful. Nepali women receiving various forms of vitamin A (vitamin A-fortified rice, retinyl palmitate, amaranth leaves, goat liver, or carrots) were evaluated weekly by standard methods, compared to healthy vision women. The researchers concluded that all of the methods decreased night blindness, and each the methods with better results were not significantly so. Both dietary vitamin A and vitamin A supplementation were effective.⁸

Similarly, pregnant women with varying degrees of night blindness were tested in a placebo-controlled study examining the benefits of supplementation with vitamin A and beta-carotene. Almost half of them were also tested three months after they gave birth. The degree of night blindness was evaluated by looking at the amount of light needed for the pupils of the eyes to constrict after suddenly being exposed to light. The effectiveness was also evaluated by measuring before and after blood retinol concentrations. The women who were give vitamin A performed significantly better than those receiving a placebo.

The researchers concluded that successful adaption to changes in light were closely tied to serum (blood) retinol levels and markedly improved with vitamin A supplementation.⁹

Retinitis pigmentosa. The retinal dystrophies such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) lack standard treatments or widely accepted nutritional therapies and recommendations. Researchers reviewed the literature and found that a daily 15,000 IU daily dose of vitamin A had a small protective effect in slowing RP progression. In addition, lutein and beta-carotene (a vitamin A precursor) also showed some benefit.¹⁰

Stargardt’s disease. Stargardt’s is a type of macular dystrophy similar to AMD which forms in young children. In the case of Stargardt’s, vitamin A supplementation is not recommended. Similarly, supplementation with vitamin A precursors (alpha- and beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin) is not recommended as it can be toxic to the photoreceptor cells in the retina. Patients with lower vitamin A intake experience better visual acuity.¹¹

As part of the natural biological processes in the eye, vitamin A transforms chemically. Molecules of vitamin A sometimes bond to other vitamin A molecules and create clumps or deposits called “dimers.” These dimers are found both in the elderly with AMD and in young children with Stargardt’s.¹²

Researchers are now working on the structure of vitamin A itself. If it is possible to reduce the vitamin A’s tendency to clump within the eye, scientists might be able to create a new therapy for Stargardt’s.^{13, 14}

Source. The top source of vitamin A is beef liver. Since many people are vegetarians or don’t eat beef, then the top vegetable sources are carrots and sweet potato, followed by kale, spinach, seaweed, apricots, broccoli, butter, eggs, and winter squash.

Daily need. 5,000 IU per day.

Caution. Stargardt’s patients should not supplement with vitamin A.

Vitamin A News

Want to learn more? See our blog for news on vitamin A.

1. Brossaud, J., Pallet, V., Corcuff, J.B., (2017). Vitamin A, endocrine tissues and hormones: interplay and interactions. Endocr Connect. Jul 18. pii: EC-17-0101.

2. da Silva, S., Cepko, C.L. (2017). Fgf8 Expression and Degradation of Retinoic Acid Are Required for Patterning a High-Acuity Area in the Retina. Dev Cell. Jul 10;42(1):68-81.e6.

3. Mares-Perelman, J.A., Klein, B.E.K., et al. (1944). Relationship Between Lens Opacities and Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use, Ophthal.

4. Hankinson, S.E., Stampfer, M.J., Seddon, J.M., Colditz, G.A., Rosner, B., et al. (1992). Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study, BMJ, Aug 8;305(6849):335-9.

5. Wang, A., Jiang, Y., Zhang, D., et al. (2014). Association of vitamin A and beta-carotene with risk for age-related cataract: a meta-analysis, Nutrition, Oct;30(10):1113-21

6. Sedaghat, F., Ghanavati, M., Nezhad, Hajian, P., Hajishirazi, S., Ehteshami, M., et al. (2017). Nutrient patterns and risk of cataract: a case-control study. Int J Ophthalmol. Apr 18;10(4):586-592.

7. Pescosolido, M., Malagola, R., Scarsella, G., Lenarduzzi, F., Dapoto, L., et al. (2012). Oxidative stress in the closed-eyelid test: management of glaucoma. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Oct;16(10):1453-7.

8. Haskell, M.J., Pandey, P., Graham, J.M., Peerson, J.M., Shrestha, R.K., et al. (2005). Recovery from impaired dark adaptation in nightblind pregnant Nepali women who receive small daily doses of vitamin A as amaranth leaves, carrots, goat liver, vitamin A-fortified rice, or retinyl palmitate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Feb;81(2):461-71.

9. Congdon, N., Dreyfuss, M., Christian, P., Navitsky, R.C., Sanchez, A.M., et al. (2000). Responsiveness of dark-adaptation threshold to vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation in pregnant and lactating women in Nepal, Am J Clinical Nutr. Oct;72(4):1004-9.

10. Brit-Garcia, N., Del Pino-Sedeno, T., Trujillo-Martin, M.M., Coco, R.M., Rodriguez de al Rua, E., et al. (2017). Effectiveness and safety of nutritional supplements in the treatment of hereditary retinal dystrophies: a systematic review. Eye (Lond). Feb;31(2):273-285.

11. Sofi, F., Sodi, A., Franco, F., Urro, V., Biagini, D., et al. (2016). Dietary profile of patients with Stargardt’s disease and Retinitis Pigmentosa: is there a role for a nutritional approach? BMC Ophthalmol. Jan 22;16:13.

12. Kim, S.R., Jang, Y.P., Jockusch, S., Fishkin, N.,Turro, N., et al. (2007). The all-trans-retinal dimer series of lipofuscin pigments in retinal pigment epithelial cells in a recessive Stargardt disease model. PNAS. 104(49):19273-19278.

13. Ma, L., Kaufmann, Y., Zhang, J., Washington, I. (2010). C20-D3-vitamin A Slows Lipofuscin Accumulation and Electrophysiological Retinal Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Stargardt Disease. J. Biol. Chem. 285(10): 7966-7974.

14. Saad, L., Washington, I. (2016). Can Vitamin A be Improved to Prevent Blindness due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Stargardt Disease and Other Retinal Dystrophies? Adv Exp Med Biol. 854:355-61.

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Vitamin D

staging_nec — Wed, 13 Aug 2025 13:10:45 +0000

Vitamin D is essential for vision health, immune system integrity and the health of our brains. It is absorbed through the skin from exposure to sunlight, or taken in through some foods or supplements. In the body it is stored in fat tissue. When needed the liver and kidneys convert it to an active form called calcitriol. Fat-soluble vitamin D is actually a group of vitamins that perform a number of essential functions, including proper absorption of magnesium and calcium.¹

Vitamin D synthesis comes primarily from a process involving the sun. Our skin contains a biochemical precursor to vitamin D, a form of cholesterol called 7-dehydrocholesterol. When the skin is exposed to UV light rays, cholecalciferol is created, and a process begins that passes through the liver, then to the kidneys where it is converted into calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D.²

Your body can create vitamin D from enough sun exposure. However, people in northern climates or those who do not spend enough time outdoors, may have a

deficiency.Milk is vitamin D-fortified to help calcium absorption, but this may not be enough. Make sure your milk is fortified with vitamin D3, not D2 (which is not as beneficial and can be toxic in large doses).

Furthermore, a deficiency in vitamin D reduces vitamin B production. Merely supplementing with D3 does not solve the problem, extra vitamin B must also be taken.³

Vitamin D for Seniors

Seniors require four times the amount of sunshine to get the same amount of vitamin D as a 20-year-old.⁴ The accepted normal range for vitamin D levels runs from 20 to 50 nanograms per milliliter. Vitamin D’s role is especially important for seniors because one of its functions is to support bone tissue and protect against bone loss by aiding the absorption of calcium. It is not surprising that there is a strong correlation between osteoarthritis and AMD, both which may aggravated by low levels of vitamin D.^4a

In the Eye

Vitamin D is a membrane antioxidant; it protects membranes against oxidative damage. In the eye its ability to reduce retinal cell damage, inhibit inflammation, and reduce the development of extra blood vessels (angiogenesis) provide essential functions. ^4b

Diabetic retinopathy. Low levels of vitamin D are seen in patients with diabetic retinopathy.⁵ Vitamin D levels are linked to artery intima-media thickness in diabetics.⁶
Dry eyes. Vitamin D deficiency is linked to dry eye.⁷ The cornea contains receptors that recognize vitamin D.⁸ In dry eye patients, cornea nerve cells were less dense, shorter, thinner, and covered less total area of the cornea.⁹
Macular degeneration. Low levels of vitamin D are connected to an increase in macular degeneration, and advancement from early AMD to the more advanced form, wet macular degeneration.^9a and supplementing with vitamin D may lower risk,¹⁰ especially in women younger than age 75. It supports the health of the retinal microvascular system.¹¹
Related disorders. Low levels of vitamin D contribute to weak bones and may play a role in cancer and respiratory infections. It is known for its function in supporting the integrity of the immune system.¹²

In the Brain

Vitamin D is linked to neurological development and is being investigated as a therapeutic tool for cognitive impairment and dementia. While it offers some protection and support, clinical interventional studies don’t link increased D with improved cognition¹³ unless the patient had been deficient in vitamin D. This deficiency may play a role in Alzheimer’s.

Food Sources

Sunlight is a great source of D. Foods include fatty fish, vitamin D fortified foods, and smaller amounts of beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks.

Vitamin D News

Want to learn more? See our blog for news on vitamin D.

Footnotes

1. Wikipedia. Vitamin D. Retrieved Nov 2 2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D.
2. Dietobio. Vitamin D. Retrieved Nov 2 2017 from http://www.dietobio.com/vegetarisme/en/vit_d.html
3. Gominak, S.C. (2016). Vitamin D deficiency changes the intestinal microbiome reducing B vitamin production in the gut. The resulting lack of pantothenic acid adversely affects the immune system, producing a “pro-inflammatory” state associated with atherosclerosis and autoimmunity. Med Hypotheses, Sep;94:103-7.
4. Kruse, J. (2013). Epi-paleo Rx: The prescription for disease reversal and optimal health. New Orleans, LA: Optimized Life, PLC.
4a. Mahgoub MY, Ghanima ATA, Elmohamady MN, Basset SA. (2020). Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Primary Osteoarthritis Egyptian Patients. Open Access Rheumatol. Mar 30;12:35-40.
4b. Kaarniranta K, Pawlowska E, Szzczepanska J, Jabikowska A, Blasiak J. (2019). Can Vitamin D Protect Against Age-Related Macular Degeneration or Slow Its Progression? Acta Biochim Pol. Jun 18;66(2):147-158.
5. Aksoy H, Akçay F, Kurtul N, Baykal O, Avci B. (2000). Serum 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3), 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) and parathormone levels in diabetic retinopathy. Clin Biochem. 33:47–51.
6. Targher, G., Bertolini, L., Padovan, R., Zenari, L., Scala, L., et al. (2006). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and carotid artery intima-media thickness among type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65:593–597.
7. Yoon, S.Y., Bae, S.H., Shin, Y.J., Park, S.G., Hwang, S.H. et al. (2016). Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Are Associated with Dry Eye Syndrome. PLoS One. Jan 25;11(1):e0147847.
8. Yildirim, P., Garip, Y., Karci, A.A., Guler, T. (2015). Dry eye in vitamin D deficiency: more than an incidental association. Int J Rheum Dis. Jan;19(1):49-54.
9. Shetty, R., Sethu, S., Deshmukh, R., Deshpande, K., Ghosh, A., et al. (2016). Corneal Dendritic Cell Density Is Associated with Sub basal Nerve Plexus Features, Ocular Surface Disease Index, and Serum Vitamin D in Evaporative Dry Eye Disease. BioMed Res Int. 2016:4369750.
9a. Kan E, Kan EK, Yucel OE. (2020). The Possible Link Between Vitamin D Levels and Exudative Age-related Macular Degeneration.Oman Med J. Jan 5;35(1):e83.
10. Vitamin D linked to lower macular degeneration risk. (2016). Naturaleyecare. Retrieved Nov 2 2017 from https://naturaleyecare.com/blog/vitamin-d-linked-to-lower-macular-degeneration-risk.
11. Mutlu, U., Ikram, M.A., Hofman, A., de Jong, P.T., Uitterlinden, A.G., et al. (2016). Vitamin D and retinal microvascular damage: The Rotterdam Study. Medicine (Baltimore). Dec; 95(49): e5477.
12. Hewison, M. (2012). Vitamin D and immune function: an overview. Proc Nutr Soc. Feb;71(1):50-61.
13. Landel V, Annweiler C, Millet P, Morelio M, Feron F. (2016). Vitamin D, Cognition and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Therapeutic Benefit is in the D-tails. J Alzheimers Dis. May 11;53(2):419-44.

The post Vitamin D appeared first on Natural Eye Care.

Zeaxanthin

staging_nec — Wed, 13 Aug 2025 12:38:38 +0000

Retinal and macular support. This antioxidant can be helpful in macular degeneration and boosting immune function. Zeaxanthin is the yellow pigment found in paprika, corn, saffron, and marigolds. It is one of the two most important carotenoids in the retina – while lutein is found mostly in the edge of the retina, zeaxanthin is predominant in the central macula. Thus it is extremely important in fighting macular conditions such as macular degeneration and maintaining healthy vision.

Retinal pigment. One of zeaxanthin’s benefits to macular degeneration is because it is a retinal pigment and as such acts as a filter for damaging radiation. The zeaxanthin that comes from red and orange foods in the diet (e.g. peppers, saffron) makes a greater contribution to macular pigment density than that which comes from green leafy vegetables.⁴ A number of studies found that a high intake of zeaxanthin lowers the risk of dry AMD advancing to the more serious form, wet AMD.⁵ It does so by increasing the density of the macular pigment that protects the retina from damaging solar radiation.⁶ One study focused on zeaxanthin alone, and found that zeaxanthin is more effective than lutein in protecting against oxidative stress from ultraviolet light exposure.⁷ Another study found that zeaxanthin improves vision in elderly patients with early macular degeneration, according to both eye charts and reports of better night vision.⁸

Glare recovery. One of the diagnostic tests for macular problems (to differentiate from optic nerve problems) is the glare recovery test in which the subject is exposed to bright light, such as the eye doctor’s ophthalmoscope, and then measured how long it takes for visual acuity to return. Zeaxanthin, lutein, and meso-zeaxanthin make up most of the macular pigment which is essential to good glare recovery.⁵

Biomarker role. In 2016 researchers identified zeaxanthin an excellent biomarker (biomarkers are biochemicals in the body useful in diagnosis) in observing women’s dietary intake. Zeaxanthin blood levels indicate the degree to which it is actually being absorbed by the body and being used by cell tissue.¹

Cancer. Zeaxanthin is also one of the carotenoids identified as having a possible benefit role in preventing cancers such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma.²

Stem cell support. Researchers demonstrated that pre-treatment with zeaxanthin was helpful in supporting transplanted stem cells.³

See food sources for zeaxanthin.

Dr. Grossman has formulated the Advanced Vision Care Formula which contains zeaxanthin:

The formulation has therapeutic levels of zeaxanthin made from pure marigold rather than synthetic sources. Zeaxanthin is considered by experts to be the most important carotenoid antioxidant for eye protection.*Its the most needed by the eye but the least available in the diet (which provides only about 180 mcg/day. Our master formula contains a whopping 6 mg per Vcap for maximum eye protection, and protection during injury or illness. * Caution: Many eye products don’t even contain zeaxanthin at all or skimp on it as it is very expensive, including adding a token amount often listed in micrograms (mcg) such as 800mcg or less, and often it is synthetic.
We use South American Zeaxanthin made from pesticide-free South American marigold
Studies recommend 4 mg/day total (both zeaxanthin and lutein) to prevent AMD (Age-related Macular Degeneration) and cataracts
Combined with lutein, helps effectively reduce free radicals

Zeaxanthin News

Want to learn more? See our blog for news on zeaxanthin.

Footnotes

1. Lampe JL, et al, Dietary biomarker evaluation in a controlled feeding study in women from the Women’s Health Initiative cohort, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, December, 2016 Dec.

2. Chen F, et al, Carotenoid intake and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies, Annals of Hemotology, December, 2016.

3. Liu Y, et al, Precise Regulation of miR-210 is Critical for the Cellular Homeostasis Maintenance and Transplantation Efficacy Enhancement of Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Acute Liver Failure Therapy, Cell Transplantation, December, 2016.

4. Estevez-Santiago R, et al, Lutein and zeaxanthin supplied by red/orange foods and fruits are more closely associated with macular pigment optical density than those from green vegetables in Spanish subjects, Nutrition Research, November, 2016.

5. Stringham JM, et al, Macular carotenoid supplementation improves disability glare performance and dynamics of photostress recovery, Eye and Vision, November, 2016.

6. Richer, S.P., Stiles, W., Graham-Hoffman, K., Levin, M., Ruskin, D., et al. (2011). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. Optometry, Nov;82(11):667-680.e6.

7. Ibid. Richer. (2011).

8. Delcourt, C., Carriere, I., Delage, M., Barberger-Gateau, P., Schalch, W., et al. (2006). Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Other Carotenoids as Modifiable Risk factors for Age Related Maculopathy and Cataract: the POLA study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, Jun;47(6):2329-35.

9. Ibid. Richer. (2011).

The post Zeaxanthin appeared first on Natural Eye Care.

Mesozeaxanthin

staging_nec — Wed, 13 Aug 2025 12:26:28 +0000

Retinal and macular support. Meso zeaxanthin is essential for protection of the macula.

Meso zeaxanthin, unlike lutein and zeaxanthin is rarely found in dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables. Some researchers report that it is found to be present in some species of fish and shrimp (depending on extraction methods).^{1, 4} Meso zeaxanthin is generated from lutein² and this conversion takes place primarily within the eye.³ Commercial meso zeaxanthin is produced from marigold petals.

Retinal pigment. Meso zeaxanthin is found primarily in the center of the retina, the macula, where it performs essential functions of filtering out retina-damaging blue light, protecting against oxidative stress. It supports the thickness of the retinal pigment, an important factor in the prevention of macular eye disease.⁴ Meso zeaxanthin protects against a slightly more violet shade of blue compared to lutein and zeaxanthin.⁵

Cardio-metabolic risk. In animal studies, meso zeaxanthin’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties help to protect against fatty liver and cardio-metabolic symdromes.⁶

Computer fatigue. Like other macular carotenoids, meso zeaxanthin protects against eye fatigue, poor sleep, headache, and other physical impairments caused by high computer screen time exposure.⁷

Footnotes

1. Nolan JM, Meagher K, Kashiani S, Beatty S. (2013). What is meso-zeaxanthin, and where does it come from? Eye (Lond). Aug;27(8):899-905.

2. Ibid. Nolan. (2013).

3. Bernstein PS, LI B, Vachali PP, Gorusupudi A, Shyam R, et al. (2016). Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and meso-Zeaxanthin: The Basic and Clinical Science Underlying Carotenoid-based Nutritional Interventions against Ocular Disease. Prog Retin Eyes Res. Jan:50:34-66.

4. Ma L, Liu R, Du JH, Liu T, Wu SS, et al. (2016). Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation Associated with Optical Density. Nutrients. Jul 12;8(7):E426.

5. Ibid. Bernstein. (2106).

6. Sahin K, Orhan C, Akdemir F, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, et al. (2017). Mesozeaxanthin protects the liver and reduces cardio-metabolic risk factors in an insulin resistant rodent model. Food Nutr Res. Jul 18;61(1):1353360.

7. Stringham JM, Stringham NT, O’Brien KJ. (2017). Macular Carotenoid Supplementation Improves Visual Performance, Sleep Quality, and Adverse Physical Symptoms in Those with High Screen Time Exposure. Foods. Jun 29;6(7):E47.

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