{"id":44461,"date":"2025-06-25T11:20:01","date_gmt":"2025-06-25T11:20:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/?post_type=vision&#038;p=44461"},"modified":"2025-11-06T13:33:22","modified_gmt":"2025-11-06T13:33:22","slug":"strabismus","status":"publish","type":"vision","link":"https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/eye-conditions\/strabismus\/","title":{"rendered":"Strabismus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"44461\" class=\"elementor elementor-44461\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73104c19 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"73104c19\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5afca92e e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5afca92e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-693cda9e elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget-widescreen__width-initial cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"693cda9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/eye-conditions\/strabismus\/\">Overview<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/eye-conditions\/binocular-conditions\/convergence-insufficiency\">Convergence insufficiency<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/eye-conditions\/amblyopia\/\">Amblyopia<\/a><\/p><p>Strabismus is commonly identified as being crossed-eyed, wall-eyed, or having a wandering eye. One or both of the eyes may turn out (esophoria), in (exophoria), up (hypophoria), or down (hyperphoria), or in rare cases, one eye may rotate (cyclophoria). Damage to the third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerve, due to nerve pressure, head injuries, or poor blood supply can cause strabismus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea0e9d4 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6ea0e9d4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-324e0568 e-n-tabs-mobile cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"324e0568\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;tabs_justify_horizontal&quot;:&quot;start&quot;,&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"843973992\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739921\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739921\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8439739921\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tSymptoms\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739922\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739922\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8439739922\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tCauses\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739923\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739923\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8439739923\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTypes\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739924\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739924\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-8439739924\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tTreatment\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8439739921\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739921\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-79485bfd e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"79485bfd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69d8b75e e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69d8b75e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44bd25db cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44bd25db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"symptoms\">Signs and Symptoms<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755940f6 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"755940f6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59202b89 elementor-widget__width-initial cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59202b89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Esotropia<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Suppression. The brain blocks all or part of an image.<\/li><li>Eyestrain.<\/li><li>Depth perception problems.<\/li><li>Slight head tilt to right or left, or chin rotated up or downward. Some of these tilts are symptoms of nystagmus, in which the eyes make repeating and uncontrolled movements.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Exotropia<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Double vision.<\/li><li>Suppression.<\/li><li>Adaptions. People with intermittent exotropia often develop adaptations that allow them to suppress or ignore the image from the wandering eye and therefore they will not notice the double vision. During the time the eyes are straight, the suppression is absent and both eyes see normally as a team. If the eye-turn is constant, a lazy eye may develop.<\/li><li>Light sensitivity. This is also a common complaint.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8439739922\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739922\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-2ccaf990 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ccaf990\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2db1c57 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2db1c57\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32b9326f cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32b9326f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"causes\">Strabismus Causes<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68dc2c4b e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68dc2c4b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13fc5954 cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13fc5954\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Genetic.<\/strong>\u00a0Researchers have learned that patients\u2019 muscles are lacking in certain proteins. Genetic expression of collagens and the enzymes that regulate collagen formation are not sufficiently supported, and genetic expression of collagen-inhibiting enzymes is supported genetically in excess.<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0They have also identified genes with alterations that are implicated.<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Nerve disturbances.<\/strong>\u00a0Strabismus is most often caused by weakness or dysfunction of one or more of the three cranial nerves that regulate eye movement. The cause of infantile strabismus usually comes from the cerebral cortex.<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0Disturbances in the neural-control centers may occur with high fevers and childhood illnesses or for other reasons. This may be why studies show a link between the strabismus onset and delay in a child&#8217;s learning to sit, walk, talk, and control elimination.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Skill delays.<\/strong>\u00a0Seemingly, the mind pays more attention to the workings of the visual system between four months and six years (especially until three and a half years). Later, the mind is more involved in other learning skills. Delayed neural growth or nerve protective covering, may put binocular skills out of sync with attention necessary to convert eye coordination skills into conditioned habit patterns. Visual habits are more vulnerable if not firmly fixed. Neurological problems such as cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, hydrocephalus, or brain tumors can cause strabismus.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Trauma.<\/strong>\u00a0Damage to the visual cortex of the brain, which impacts eye muscle control, can cause strabismus.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Vascular.\u00a0<\/strong>In adults, strokes or vascular problems can cause strabismus through inadequate blood supply.<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0Microvascular disease is the most common cause of cranial nerve palsy.<sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Thyroid.<\/strong>\u00a0In adults, Graves disease and other thyroid disorders can impact eye muscle behavior.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Premature birth.<\/strong>\u00a0This and low birth weight are linked to the incidence of strabismus.<sup>8<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Myopia.<\/strong>\u00a0Strabismus has been noted in young adults with myopia, and it may be related to close work for long periods.<sup>9<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Orbital.<\/strong>\u00a0If there are abnormalities in orbital (eye socket) bones, or masses such as tumors within the orbit, strabismus may indirectly result.<sup>10<\/sup>\u00a0In addition, orbital connective tissue links to the muscles that move the eye. Abnormalities in these tissues can cause strabismus in the absence of a neurologic problem.\u00a0<sup>11<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Eye surgery.<\/strong>\u00a0Vitreoretinal surgery is a significant cause of strabismus.<sup>12<\/sup>\u00a0Refractive surgery is generally effective for exotropia that is related to refractive error. However, patients without apparent strabismus can develop strabismus and\/or double vision after surgery.<sup>13<\/sup>\u00a0Similarly, surgery to implant an intraocular lens can result in strabismus.<sup>14<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Ocular and related pathologies.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Duane syndrome is a rare cause of strabismus.<\/li>\n \t<li>Sagging eye syndrome, a connective tissue condition, can cause vertical or horizontal strabismus.<\/li>\n \t<li>Loeys-Dietz syndrome (genetic) puts children at risk for strabismus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8439739923\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739923\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-4f7c3203 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4f7c3203\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cea8084 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5cea8084\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-598f2a59 cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"598f2a59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"treatment\">Types of Strabismus<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f8c0bd e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f8c0bd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ecb921 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-tablet__width-inherit cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73ecb921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Strabismus can be categorized in a number of ways:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Direction of misalignment.<\/strong>\u00a0This is the most common categorization, involving: exophoria (outward divergence), esophoria (inward convergence), hypophoria (one eye deviates downward), hyperphoria (one eye deviates upward), and cyclophoria (the vertical axis of one eye rotates right or left compared to the other).<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Duration.<\/strong>\u00a0Strabismus can manifest in a continual or intermittent manner, sometimes it occurs during stressful situations. Doctors recommend that continual\/constant strabismus be treated immediately and aggressively.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Paralytic or non-paralytic.<\/strong>\u00a0Damage to one of three of the twelve cranial nerves versus a structural problem is another way of describing the condition.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Comitant versus noncomitant.<\/strong>\u00a0In patients with comitant strabismus the eye misalignment exists regardless of the direction of their gaze. In noncomitant strabismus, the deviation shifts or increases, depending on the direction of gaze.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d7d83 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-tablet__width-inherit cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"62d7d83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Depositphotos_758663472_L-1024x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-61654\" alt=\"Depositphotos_758663472_L\" srcset=\"https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Depositphotos_758663472_L-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Depositphotos_758663472_L-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Depositphotos_758663472_L-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Depositphotos_758663472_L-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Depositphotos_758663472_L-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Depositphotos_758663472_L-260x260.webp 260w, https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Depositphotos_758663472_L.webp 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-8439739924\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-8439739924\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-ebcc6c3 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ebcc6c3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0192799 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0192799\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3cb7a1 cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3cb7a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"treatment\">Conventional Treatment<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d471b3 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d471b3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0270e33 cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0270e33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For esotropia or exotropia, depending on the type and severity, treatment may include surgery, glasses, and\/or visual training. Surgery doesn&#8217;t change the vision, but aligns the eyes by changing the length or position of one or more eye muscles outside the eye. Sometimes botox is used in the stronger muscle and is repeated 3\u20134 months later. In children, esotropia strabismus is most commonly treated with glasses, but exotropia may require surgical correction. Surgery techniques, such as adjustable sutures, are evolving.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d1aa870 e-con-full e-flex cmsmasters-block-default e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3d1aa870\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb59be1 cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1fb59be1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Complementary Approach<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1eaad8 cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1eaad8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supporting overall vision health through diet, nutrition, exercise, lifestyle, etc. are the basic foundation for the complementary approach to strabismus.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Key self help tips<\/strong>\u00a0Maintain good vision with\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/eye-disease-prevention\/preventing-eye-disease\/\">eye disease prevention pointers<\/a><\/li><li><strong>If you are a computer user<\/strong>, please review our section on\u00a0<a class=\"text\" href=\"https:\/\/naturaleyecare.com\/eye-conditions\/computer-eye-strain\/\">Computer Fatigue Syndrome<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-507746a8 cmsmasters-block-default cmsmasters-sticky-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"507746a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><b>Footnotes<\/b><\/h4><p class=\"small\">1. Agarwal, A.B., Feng, C.Y., Altick, A.L., Quilici, D.R., Wen, D., et al. (2016). Altered Protein Composition and Gene Expression in Strabismic Human Extraocular Muscles and Tendons. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, Oct 1;57(13):5576-5585.<br \/>2. Kruger, J.M., Mansouri, B., Cestari, D.M. (2013). An update on the genetics of comitant strabismus. Semin Ophthalmol, Sep-Nov;28(5-6):438-41.<br \/>3. Tychsen, L. (2012). The cause of infantile strabismus lies upstairs in the cerebral cortex, not downstairs in the brainstem. Arch Ophthalmol, Aug;130(8):1060-1.<br \/>4. American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Strabismus. Retrieved May 11 2018 from https:\/\/www.aapos.org\/terms\/conditions\/100.<br \/>5. Ibid. American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Strabismus.<br \/>6. Gunton, K.B., Wasserman, B.N., DeBeneditis, C. (2015). Strabismus. Prim Care, Sep;42(3):393-407.<br \/>7. Ibid. American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Strabismus.<br \/>8. Gulati, S., Andrews, C.A., Apkarian, A.O., Musch, D.C., Lee, P.P., et al. (2014). Effect of gestational age and birth weight on the risk of strabismus among premature infants. JAMA Pediatr, Sep;168(9):850-6.<br \/>9. Zheng, K., Han, T., Han, Y., Qu, X. (2018). Acquired distance esotropia associated with myopia in the young adult. BMC Ophthalmol, Feb 20;18(1):51.<br \/>10. Lueder, G.T. (2015). Orbital Causes of Incomitant Strabismus. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, Jul-Sep;22(3):286-91.<br \/>11. Peragallo, J.H., Pinesles, S.L., Demer, J.L. (2015). Recent advanced clarifying the etiologies of strabismus. J Neurophthalmol, Jun;36(2):185-93.<br \/>12. Chaudhry, N.L., Durnian, J.M. (2012). Post-vitreoretinal surgery strabismus-a review. Strabismus, Mar;20(1):26-30.<br \/>13. Minnal, V.R., Rosenberg, J.B. (2011). Refractive surgery: a treatment for and a cause of strabismus. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, Jul;22(4):222-6.<br \/>14. Park, K.S., Yim, J.H. (2014). Strabismus following implantable anterior intraocular lens surgery. Int Ophthalmol, Feb;34(1):117-20.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Overview \u00a0\u00a0Convergence insufficiency\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Amblyopia Strabismus is commonly identified as being crossed-eyed, wall-eyed, or having a wandering eye. One or both of the eyes may turn out (esophoria), in (exophoria), up (hypophoria), or down (hyperphoria), or in rare cases, one eye may rotate (cyclophoria). Damage to the third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerve, due to nerve pressure,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-44461","vision","type-vision","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.8 (Yoast SEO v26.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Strabismus Information and Treatment<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about strabismus: what it is, causes, symptoms, and treatment options. 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